Male infertility is caused by the combined effects of one or multiple factors:

1. Lifestyle

(1) Smoking:

Smoking reduces sperm concentration, forward motility, and morphology. Elevated reactive oxygen species levels in seminal plasma can cause sperm DNA damage.

(2) Nutritional imbalance:

Deficiencies in vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B, as well as trace elements such as zinc, manganese, selenium, and copper can affect sperm. Additionally, gossypol in cottonseed oil can directly inhibit spermatogenesis and sperm motility.

(3) Obesity:

Being overweight or obese easily leads to infertility.

(5) Lack of exercise:

Exercise can promote testosterone secretion and synthesis in men, which to some extent improves sperm motility. Long-term lack of exercise can also easily lead to being overweight or obese, increasing the risk of infertility.

(6) Staying up late:

Individuals with chronic sleep deprivation often remain in a hyperexcited state, which is detrimental to testosterone secretion. The decline in androgen levels negatively impacts male spermatogenesis and libido to a certain extent.

(7) Excessive stress:

Excessive stress can disrupt the endocrine regulatory axis and easily lead to reproductive dysfunction.

2. Environment

Long-term exposure to high-temperature environments, toxic decorative materials, heavy metals, chemicals, and radioactive work environments can all adversely affect sperm development and maturation.

3. Medications

Chemotherapy drugs, hormonal medications, diuretics, and medications for treating gastrointestinal ulcers can all impact sperm count and motility.